The several kinds of corn are not everywhere the same; and even where they are the same, they do not always bear a similar name. The kinds most universally grown are spelt, by the ancients known as "adorea," winter wheat,[1] and wheat;[2] all these being common to many countries. Arinca was originally peculiar to Gaul, though now it is widely diffused over Italy as well. Egypt, too, Syria, Cilicia, Asia, and Greece, have their own peculiar kinds, known by the names of zea,[3] olyra, and wheat.[4] In Egypt, they make a fine flour from wheat of their own growth, but it is by no means equal to that of Italy. Those countries which employ zea, have no spelt. Zea, however, is to be found in Italy, and in Campania more particularly, where it is known by the name of "seed."[5] The grain that bears this name enjoys a very considerable celebrity, as we shall have occasion to state[6] on another occasion; and it is in honour of this that Homer[7] uses the expression, zei/dwros a)/roura, and not, as some suppose, from the fact of the earth giving life.[8] Amylum is made, too, from this grain, but of a coarser[9] quality than the kind already mentioned;[10] this, however, is the only difference that is perceptible.

The most hardy kind, however, of all the grains is spelt, and the best to stand the severity of the weather; it will grow in the very coldest places, as also in localities that are but half tilled, or soils that are extremely hot, and destitute of water. This was the earliest food of the ancient inhabitants of Latium; a strong proof of which is the distributions of adorea that were made in those times, as already stated.[11] It is evident, too, that the Romans subsisted for a long time upon pottage,[12] and not bread; for we find that from its name of "puls," certain kinds of food are known, even at the present day, as "pulmentaria."[13] Ennius, too, the most ancient of our poets, in describing the famine in a siege, relates how that the parents snatched away the messes of pottage[14] from their weeping children. At the present day, even, the sacrifices in conformity with the ancient rites, as well as those offered upon birthdays, are made with parched pottage.[15] This food appears to have been as much unknown in those days in Greece as polenta was in Italy.